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H:AÿEDIFACTÿ :Ý ƒ4r'ÝÝ  ÝÔ€/XÌiXXXÔÝ ƒ3!ÝÝ  Ýò òÔ€/XÌiXXXÔÑ  ÑÌó óÌÌÌÌà0  àò òòòINTERNATIONAL€STANDARD€IS€11179„4ó óóóÐL œ(#(# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#àà0Èp(#p(#àà0 È(#È(#àà0x (# (#à1994„10„00Ð x(#x(# ÐÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌòòÌÓo[°X°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A°œXoÓInformation€technology€„„€Specification€and€standardization€of€data€elementsÌÌPart€4:ÌRules€and€guidelines€for€the€formulation€of€data€definitionsóóÐ  ˜è ÐØØÑ7€þñXXdôdÈ7ÑÖ€7ÿÿÖÙÙÑ€8ÑÌòòò òContentsóóó óÐ Pì ÐÌòòà  àForewordóóà‚”"”"m(#.¤ ¤ à€iiˆÐ X ô ÐÌòòà  àIntroductionóóà‚d"d"l(#.¬ ¬ "à€iiiˆÐ ` ü ÐÌà8  àà ° àòò1.à0Ð Ð àScopeóóà‚#\"\"m(#.T T Ð Ð #à€€1ˆÐ h  ÐÌà8  àà ° àòò2.à0Ð Ð àNormative€Referencesóóà‚#\"\"m(#.xx*Ð Ð #à€€1ˆÐ p  ÐÖ€=7ìÖÌà8  àà ° àòò3.à0Ð Ð àDefinitionsóóà‚#\"\"m(#.D D !Ð Ð #à€€2ˆÐ x  ÐÌà8  àà ° àòò4.à0Ð Ð àSummary€of€Data€Definition€Rules€and€Guidelinesóóà‚#\"\"m(#.EÐ Ð #à€€3ˆÐ €  ÐÌà8  àà ° àòò5.à0Ð Ð àRequirementsóóà‚#\"\"m(#.D D "Ð Ð #à€€4ˆÐ ˆ$ ÐÌòòInformative€AnnexóóÐ , ÐÌòòAnnex€A€à ` àBibliographic€Referencesóóà‚,","m(#.ôô6à€13ˆÐ  ˜4 Ðò òòòForewordó óóóÐ d ÐÌISO€(the€International€Organization€for€Standardization€and€IEC€(the€InternationalÏElectrotechnical€Commission)€form€the€specialized€system€for€worldwide€standardization.ÏNational€bodies€that€are€members€of€ISO€or€IEC€participate€in€the€development€of€InternationalÏStandards€through€technical€committees€established€by€the€respective€organization€to€deal€withÏparticular€fields€of€technical€activity.€€ISO€and€IEC€technical€committees€collaborate€in€fields€ofÏmutual€interest.€€Other€international€organizations,€governmental€or€non„governmental,€in€liaisonÏwith€ISO€and€IEC,€also€take€part€in€the€work.ÌÌIn€the€field€of€information€technology,€ISO€and€IEC€have€established€a€joint€technical€committee,ÏISO/IEC€JTC1.€€Draft€international€Standards€adopted€by€Joint€Technical€Committee€1€areÏcirculated€to€national€bodies€for€voting.€€Publication€as€an€International€Standard€requiresÏapproval€by€at€least€75%€of€the€national€bodies€casting€a€vote.€ÌÌThis€Part€4€of€the€International€Standard€ISO/IEC€11179€was€prepared€by€the€SubcommitteeÏISO/IEC€JTC1/SC14,€Data€Element€Principles.€ÌÌOther€parts€of€the€International€Standard€ISO/IEC€11179€are:ÌÒX°ÒÌPart€1:€€Framework€for€the€Generation€and€Standardization€of€Data€Elements;ÌPart€2:€€Classification€of€Concepts€for€the€Identification€of€Domains;ÌPart€3:€€Basic€Attributes€of€Data€Elements;ÌPart€5:€€Naming€and€Identification€Principles€for€Data€Elements;€andÌPart€6:€€Registration€of€Data€Elements.ÌÌThe€annex€for€information€only.Ð  Œ( Ðò òòòIntroductionó óóóÐ d ÐÌÒ°XÒThe€purpose€of€a€data€element€definition€is€to€define€the€meaning€of€a€data€element.€€To€ensureÏconsistency€and€quality,€this€part€of€the€International€Standard€provides€rules€and€guidelines€forÏthe€construction€of€well„formed€data€element€definitions.ÌÌPrecise€and€unambiguous€data€element€definitions€are€one€of€the€most€critical€aspects€of€ensuringÏdata€shareability.€€When€two€or€more€parties€exchange€data,€it€is€essential€that€all€are€in€explicitÏagreement€on€the€meaning€of€that€data.€€One€of€the€primary€vehicles€for€carrying€the€data'sÏmeaning€is€the€data€element€definition.€€Therefore,€it€is€mandatory€that€every€data€element€€have€aÏwell„formed€definition;€one€that€is€clearly€understood€by€every€user.€€Poorly€formulated€dataÏelement€€defini‚tions€foster€misunderstandings€and€ambiguities€and€often€inhibit€successfulÏcommunication.ÌÌThis€Part€of€the€International€Standard€contains€both€rules€and€guidelines.€€These€apply€to€theÏformulation€of€definitions€of€data€elements€used€in€information€processing€systems€andÏinformation€interchange.€€Rules€are€mandatory€and€testable€for€compliance.€€Guidelines€are€Ïprinciples€that€shall€be€followed.€€Objective€test€criteria€can€be€established€for€rules.€ConformanceÏwith€guidelines€is€assessed€by€judgment€of€reasonableness.ÌÌThe€data€element€names€in€this€Part€of€the€International€Standard€do€not€follow€a€particularÏsyntax.€€The€term€òòdata€elementóó€refers€to€òòdata€element€type;€óóthe€shorter€term€is€used€forÐ ðŒ Ðconvenience.Ð  Üx ÐØØÙÙò òòòInformation€technology„„Specification€and€standardization€of€data€elementsÐ d ÐPart€4:€Rules€and€guidelines€for€the€formulation€of€data€definitionsóóÐ € ÐÌÌòò1€€Scopeó óóóÐ t  ÐÌThis€Part€of€the€International€Standard€specifies€rules€and€guidelines€for€constructing€definitionsÏfor€data€elements.€€Only€semantic€structures€of€data€element€definitions€are€addressed;Ïspecifications€for€formatting€the€definitions€are€deemed€unnecessary€for€the€purpos‚es€of€thisÏstandard.€€ÌÌAlthough€these€definitional€rules€and€guidelines€pertain€to€data€elements,€they€can€also€be€appliedÏin€formulating€definitions€for€other€types€of€data€constructs€such€as€entity€types,€entities,Ïrelationships,€attributes,€object€types€(or€classes),€objects,€segments,€composites,€code€entries,€andÏmessages.ÌÌThe€definitional€rules€and€guidelines€in€this€Part€of€the€International€standard€do€not€always€applyÏto€terminological€definitions€found€in€glossaries€and€language€dictionaries.€€Differences€existÏbetween€the€rules€that€apply€in€a€language€dictionary,€and€the€rules€that€apply€in€a€data€dictionary.€ÏFor€example,€terms€in€a€language€dictionary€may€have€multiple€definitions€in€the€dictionary,Ïwhereas€data€dictionary€definitions€must€be€unique€within€a€dictionary€and€have€a€single€meaning.€€ÌÌMany€data€element€definitions€include€terms€that€themselves€need€to€be€defined€(e.g.,€"charge",Ï"allowance",€"delivery").€€Some€of€these€terms€may€have€different€definitions€in€different€industrialÏsectors.€€Therefore,€there€is€a€need€for€most€data€dictionaries€to€establish€an€associated€òòglossaryóóÐ ° Ðof€terms€used€in€the€definitions.€€The€area(s)€of€use€for€each€term€is€identified€in€the€glossary.€€ÌÌÌò òòò2€€Normative€References€ó óóóÐ Ä ` ÐÌThe€following€standards€contain€provisions€which,€through€refer‚ence€in€this€text,€constituteÏprovisions€of€this€Part€of€the€International€Standard.€€At€the€time€of€publication,€the€editionsÏindicated€were€valid.€€All€standards€are€subject€to€revision,€and€parties€to€agreements€based€on€thisÏPart€of€the€International€Standard€are€encouraged€to€apply€the€most€recent€editions€of€theÏstandard€indicated€below.€€Members€of€IEC€and€ISO€maintain€registers€of€currently€validÏInternational€Standards.ÌÌÌà0  àISO€704:1987,€òòPrinciples€and€methods€of€terminologyóóÐ,*È#&(#(# ÐÌà0  àISO€2382„4:1987,€òòInformation€processing€systems€„€VocabularyóóÐ, %((#(# Їà0  àISO€Standards€Handbook€10,€òòData€Processing€„€Vocabularyóó,€1982Ðd(#(# ÐÌà0  àISO€1087:1990,€òòTerminology€„€VocabularyóóÐ<Ø(#(# ÐÌà0  àISO€10241:1992,€òòInternational€terminology€standards€„€preparation€and€layoutóóÐ °(#(# ÐÌà0  àISO/IEC€9735:1988,€Electronic€data€interchange€for€administration,€commerce€andÏtransport€(EDIFACT)€„€Application€level€syntax€rulesÐ (#(# ÐÌà0  àISO/IEC€11179„3:1994,€Information€technology€„€Specification€and€standardization€ofÏdata€elements€„€Part€3:€Basic€attributes€of€data€elementsÐ (#(# ÐÌà0  àANSI€X3.172„1990,€American€national€standard€dictionary€for€information€systemsÏ(ANDIS)Ð (#(# ÐÌÌò òòò3€€Definitionsó óóóÐ $À ÐÓua°X°¤l˜Ø ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A°œXuÓÌFor€the€purposes€of€this€Part€of€the€International€Standard,€the€following€definitions€apply.€€ÌÌò ò3.1€€attributeó ó:€€A€characteristic€of€an€object€or€entity.Ð   ÐÌò òñ¯ñà0 ¤ àà ° àñ¯ñ3.€2€€conceptó ó:€€A€unit€of€thought€constituted€through€abstraction€on€the€basis€of€characteristicsÐ à| Ðcommon€to€a€set€of€objects.€€This€definition€may€apply€to€other€types€of€data€constructs€asÏidentified€in€the€Scope€of€this€Part.Ð ¤(#¤(# ÐÌò òñ°ñà0 ¤ àà ° àñ°ñ3.3€€dataó ó:€€A€representation€of€facts,€concepts,€or€instructions€in€a€formalized€manner€suitable€forÐ ”0 Ðcommunication,€interpretation,€or€processing€by€humans€or€by€automatic€means€(ISO€2382„¼4).€€Ð ¤(#¤(# ÐÌò òñ±ñà0 ¤ àà ° àñ±ñ3.4€€data€dictionaryó ó:€€A€database€used€for€data€that€refers€to€the€use€and€structure€of€other€data;Ð H"ä Ðthat€is,€a€database€for€the€storage€of€metadata€(ANSI€X3.172„1990).€€See€òòdata€elementÐ 8#Ô Ðdictionaryóó.Ð$$À ¤(#¤(# ÐÌò òñ²ñà0 ¤ àà ° àñ²ñ3.5€€data€elementó ó:€A€unit€of€data€for€which€the€definition,€identification,€representation€andÐ ü%˜" Ðpermissible€values€are€specified€by€€means€of€a€set€of€attributes.Ð ¤(#¤(# ÐÌò òñ³ñà0 ¤ àà ° àñ³ñ3.6€€data€element€dictionaryó ó:€€An€information€resource€that€lists€and€defines€all€relevant€òòdataÐ Ä(`"% Ðelementsóó.€€Synonymous€with€data€dictionary.д)P#&¤(#¤(# Ðâ âÐ  *<$' Ðà ¤ àNOTE:à0 Ø àData€element€dictionaries€may€exist€at€various€levels,€e.g.,€ISO/IEC€Committees,Ð d Ðâ âinternational€associations,€industry€sectors,€companies,€application€systems.Ð Ø (#Ø (# ÐÌò òñ´ñà0 ¤ àà ° àñ´ñ3.7€€definitionó ó:€€A€word€or€phrase€expressing€the€essential€nature€of€a€person€or€thing€or€class€ofÐ ( Ä Ðpersons€or€things:€an€answer€to€the€question€"what€is€x?"€or€"what€is€an€x?";€a€statement€ofÏthe€meaning€of€a€word€or€word€group€[Webster's€Third€New€International€Dictionary€of€theÏEnglish€Language€Unabridged,€1986].Ð ¤(#¤(# ÐÌò òñµñà0 ¤ àà ° àñµñ3.8€domainó ó:€€The€set€of€possible€data€values€of€an€attribute€(ANSI€X3.172„1990).€€ÐÈ d¤(#¤(# ÐÌò òñ¶ñà0 ¤ àà ° àñ¶ñ3.9€nameó ó:€€The€primary€means€of€identification€of€objects€and€concepts€for€humans.€Ð¤@ ¤(#¤(# ÐÌÌò òòò4€€Summary€of€Data€Definition€Rules€and€Guidelinesó óóóÐ l  ÐÌA€listing€of€the€rules€and€guidelines€without€explanations€is€provided€in€this€clause€forÏconvenience€of€the€user.€€The€intent€is€to€facilitate€ease€of€use€of€this€document€once€anÏunderstand‚ing€of€the€rules€and€guidelines€is€achieved.€€€Clause€5€describes€each€rule€and€guidelineÏwith€an€explanation€and€examples€to€ensure€their€exact€meaning€is€understood.ò òÐ 8Ô ÐÌ4.1€€Rulesó óÐ ¬ ÐÌò òA€data€definition€shall:ó óÐ è„ ÐÌà0 ¤ àa)€be€unique€(within€any€data€dictionary€in€which€it€appears)Ð ¤(#¤(# ÐÌà ¤ àb)€be€stated€in€the€singularÌÌà0 ¤ àc)€state€what€the€concept€is,€not€only€what€it€is€notÐ ¤(#¤(# ÐÌà0 ¤ àd)€be€stated€as€a€descriptive€phrase€or€sentence(s)Ð ¤(#¤(# ÐÌà ¤ àe)€contain€only€commonly€understood€abbreviationsÌÌà0 ¤ àà0l¤(#¤(#àà ¤ àf)€be€expressed€without€embedding€definitions€of€other€data€elements€or€underlyingÏconcepts€Ð l(#l(# ÐÌò ò4.2€€Guidelinesó óÐ ¼(X"% ÐÌò òA€data€definition€should:ó óÐ ”*0$' ÐÐ €+%( Ðà0 ¤ àa)€state€the€essential€meaning€of€the€concept€Ð ¤(#¤(# ÐÌà0 ¤ àb)€be€precise€and€unambiguousÐ ¤(#¤(# ÐÌà0 ¤ àc)€be€concise€Ð ¤(#¤(# ÐÌà0 ¤ àd)€be€able€to€stand€aloneÐ ¤(#¤(# ÐÌà0 ¤ àà0l¤(#¤(#àà ¤ àe)€be€expressed€without€embedding€rationale,€functional€usage,€domain€information,€orÏprocedural€informationÐ l(#l(# ÐÌà0 ¤ àf)€avoid€circular€reasoningÐ ¤(#¤(# ÐÌà0 ¤ àg)€use€the€same€terminology€and€consistent€logical€structure€for€related€definitionsÐ ¤(#¤(# ÐÌÌò òòò5€€Requirementsó óóóÐ $À ÐÌò ò5.1€€Premisesó óÐ ,È ÐÌData€elements€exist€and€are€used€for€specific€purposes.€€Differences€in€use€will€require€differentÏoperational€manifestations€of€some€rules€and€guidelines.€€For€example,€different€levels€ofÏspecificity€for€data€element€definitions€are€generally€required€in€different€contexts.€€GuidelineÏ5.3.aÔ XX Ô)€below,€provides€an€example€of€this€need€for€varying€levels€of€specificity€for€differentÐ Èd Ðdefinitions.€€The€implementation€of€Guideline€5.3.aÔ0  00Ô),€"state€the€essential€meaning€of€the€concept"Ð ´P Ðis€context€dependent.€€The€primary€characteristics€deemed€necessary€to€convey€the€essentialÏmeaning€of€a€particular€definition€will€vary€according€to€the€level€of€generalization€orÏspecialization€of€the€data€element‚.€€The€primary€characteristics€should€include€consideration€of€theÏrelevance€of€any€object€class,€property€and€qualifier€associated€with€the€concepts€being€analyzed.€ÏPrimary€and€essential€characteristics€for€defining€con‚cepts€such€as€"airport"€in€the€commercial€airÏtransportation€industry€might€be€specific,€where€a€more€general€definition€may€be€adequate€in€aÏdifferent€context.€€For€a€discussion€of€relation‚ships€between€concepts€in€different€contexts€andÏhow€characteris‚tics€are€used€to€differentiate€concepts,€see€ISO€704,€Clause€3.€€Definitions€shouldÏbe€written€to€facilitate€understanding€by€any€user€and€by€recipients€of€shared€data.ÌÌò ò5.2€€Rulesó óÐ Ø&t # ÐÌTo€facilitate€understanding€of€the€rules€for€construction€of€well„formed€data€element€definitions,Ïexplanations€and€examples€are€provided€below.€€Each€rule€is€followed€by€a€short€explanation€of€itsÏmeaning.€€Examples€are€given€to€support€the€explanations.€€In€all€cases,€a€good€example€isÏprovided€to€exemplify€the€explana‚tion.€€When€deemed€beneficial,€a€poor,€but€commonly€usedÐ t+%( Ðexample€is€given€to€show€how€a€definition€should€ò òNOTó ó€be€constructed.€€To€further€explain€theÐ d Ðdifferences€between€the€good€and€poor€exam‚ples,€€exampleñ»ñs€areñ»ñ€followed€by€a€statement€ofÐ Tð Ðrationale€behind€them.Ìò òÌA€data€definition€shall:ó óÐ  ´ ÐÌà0 ¤ àa)€€ò òbe€uniqueó ó€(within€any€data€dictionary€in€which€it€appears)Ð𠌤(#¤(# ÐÓ„^°X°¤4` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A°‚X¤l˜Ø ¸ —X„ÓÌà ¤ àà 4 àà0 ` àà 4 àEXPLANATION€„€Each€definition€shall€be€distinguishable€from€every€other€definitionÏ(within€the€dic‚tio‚nary)€to€ensure€the€specificity€is€retained‚.€€One€or€severalÏcharacter‚istics€ex‚pressed€in€the€defini‚tion€must€dif‚ferentiate€the€concept€to€beÏdefined€from€other€con‚cepts.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0 ¤ àà04¤(#¤(#àEXAMPLE€„Ð 4(#4(# ÐÌà ¤ àà 4 àà ` à1)€good€definitions:ÌÌà0 ¤ àà04¤(#¤(#àà0` 4(#4(#à"Goods€Dispatch€Date"€„€Date€on€which€goods€are€dispatched€by€a€given€party.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0 ¤ àà 4 àà0` ¤(#¤(#à"Goods€Receipt€Date"€„€Date€on€which€goods€are€received€by€a€given€party.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà ¤ àà 4 àà ` à2)€poor€definitions:ÌÌà0 ¤ àà04¤(#¤(#àà0` 4(#4(#à"Goods€Dispatch€Date"€„€Date€on€which€goods€are€delivered.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà ¤ àà 4 àà0 ` à"Goods€Receipt€Date"€„€Date€on€which€goods€are€delivered.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0 ¤ àà04¤(#¤(#àà0` 4(#4(#àà 4 àREASON€„€The€definition€"Date€on€which€the€goods€are€delivered"€cannot€be€used€forÏboth€data€elements€"goods€receipt€date"€and€€"goods€dispatch€date".€€Instead,€eachÏdefinition€must€be€different.Ð ` (#` (# Ðà ¤ àÌà ¤ àb)€ò òbe€stated€in€the€singularó óÐ #œ ÐÌà0 ¤ àà04¤(#¤(#àà0` 4(#4(#àà 4 àEXPLANATION€„€The€concept€expressed€by€the€data€definition€shall€be€expressed€inÏthe€singular.€€(An€exception€is€made€if€the€concept€itself€is€plural.)Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0 ¤ àà04¤(#¤(#àEXAMPLE€„€"Article€Number"Ð 4(#4(# ÐÌà0 ¤ àà04¤(#¤(#àà0` 4(#4(#à1)€good€definition:€A€reference€number€that€identifies€an€article.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0 ¤ àà04¤(#¤(#àà0` 4(#4(#à2)€poor€definition:€Reference€number€identifying€articles.ÐP+ì$(` (#` (# Ðà0 ¤ àà04¤(#¤(#àÐ 4(#4(# Ðà0 ¤ àà04¤(#¤(#àà0` 4(#4(#àà 4 àREASON€„€The€poor€definition€uses€the€plural€word€"articles",€which€is€ambiguous,Ïsince€it€could€imply€that€an€"article€number"€refers€to€more€than€one€article.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÔ  Ôà0 ¤ àc)€ò òstate€what€the€concept€is,€not€only€what€it€is€notó óÐ( Ĥ(#¤(# ÐÌà0 ¤ àà04¤(#¤(#àEXPLANATION€„€When€constructing€definitions,€the€conceptÐ 4(#4(# Ðà0 ¤ àà04¤(#¤(#àà0` 4(#4(#àcannot€be€defined€exclusively€by€stating€what€the€concept€is€ò ònot.€€ó óÐð Œ` (#` (# ÐÌà0 ¤ àà04¤(#¤(#àEXAMPLE€„€"Freight€Cost€Amount"Ð 4(#4(# ÐÌà ¤ àà0 4 àà0` 4(#4(#à1)€€good€definition:€€Cost€amount€incurred€by€a€shipper€in€moving€goods€from€oneÏplace€to€another.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0 ¤ àà04¤(#¤(#àà0` 4(#4(#à2)€€poor€definition:€€Costs€which€are€not€related€to€packing,€documentation,Ïloading,€unloading,€and€insurance.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0 ¤ àà04¤(#¤(#àà0` 4(#4(#àà 4 àREASON€„€The€poor€definition€does€not€specify€what€is€included€in€the€meaning€of€theÏdata.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0 ¤ àd)€ò òbe€stated€as€a€descriptive€phrase€or€sentence(s)ó ó€(in€most€languages)ÐðŒ¤(#¤(# ÐÌà0 ¤ àà04¤(#¤(#àà0` 4(#4(#àà 4 àEXPLANATION€„€A€phrase€is€necessary€(in€most€languages)€to€form€a€preciseÏdefinition€that€includes€the€essential€characteristics€of€the€concept.€€Simply€statingÏone€or€more€synonym(s)€is€insufficient.€€Simply€restating€the€words€of€the€name€inÏa€different€order€is€insufficient.€€If€more€than€a€descriptive€phrase€is€needed,€useÏcomplete,€grammatically€correct€sentences.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0 ¤ àà04¤(#¤(#àÔ  ÔEXAMPLE€„€"Agent€Name"Ð 4(#4(# ÐÌà0 ¤ àà04¤(#¤(#àà0` 4(#4(#à1)€good€definition:€€Name€of€party€authorized€to€act€on€behalf€of€another€party.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0 ¤ àà04¤(#¤(#àà0` 4(#4(#à2)€poor€definition:€€Representative.Ð ` (#` (# Ðà ¤ àÌà ¤ àà 4 àà0 ` àà 4 àREASON€"Representative"€is€a€€near-synonym€of€the€data€element€name,€which€is€notÏadequate€for€a€definition.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà ¤ àe)€ò òcontain€only€commonly€understood€abbreviationsó óÐ  '